S. Amir et al., Olfactory stimulation enhances light-induced phase shifts in free-running activity rhythms and fos expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, NEUROSCIENC, 92(4), 1999, pp. 1165-1170
There is evidence to suggest that the olfactory and circadian systems are l
inked, functionally, and that olfactory stimuli can modulate circadian rhyt
hms in mammals.(9,10,13,15,16,18) Furthermore, olfactory bulb removal can a
lter free-running rhythms in animals housed in constant darkness and can at
tenuate the effect of social stimuli on photic entrainment of circadian rhy
thms.(12,14,31-33) The mechanisms through which olfactory stimuli influence
circadian rhythms are not known. One possibility is that olfactory stimuli
influence circadian rhythms by modulating the activity of the circadian cl
ock located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus.(22) To study this,
we assessed the effect of olfactory stimulation on free-running rhythms an
d on photic resetting of the circadian clock in rats using phase shifts in
wheel-running rhythms and expression of the transcription factor Fos in the
suprachiasmatic nucleus.(23,24) We found that brief exposure to an olfacto
ry stimulus, cedar mood essence, in the subjective day or subjective night
had no effect on either free-running rhythms or Fos expression in the supra
chiasmatic nucleus, but that when presented in combination with light, the
odor dramatically enhanced light-induced phase shifts and Fos expression in
the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Olfactory stimulation alone induced Fos expre
ssion in several structures that innervate the suprachiasmatic nucleus, poi
nting to ways by which stimulus information transmitted in the olfactory pa
thways could gain access to the suprachiasmatic nucleus to modulate photic
resetting. These findings, showing that clock resetting by light can be fac
ilitated by olfactory stimulation, point to a mechanism by which olfactory
cues can modulate entrainment of circadian rhythms. (C) 1999 IBRO, Publishe
d by Elsevier Science Ltd.