Ma. Milkie, Social comparisons, reflected appraisals, and mass media: The impact of pervasive beauty images on black and white girls' self-concepts, SOC PSYCH Q, 62(2), 1999, pp. 190-210
Content analyses and experimental studies often indicate strong, usually ne
gative effects of media on the self. In contrast, qualitative work suggests
that individuals may exercise considerable influence in selecting, interpr
eting and criticizing media content. This literature however, does not adeq
uately consider or specify how "interpreted" media content still night affe
ct self-concept negatively. Incorporating social comparison and reflected a
ppraisal processes, this study shows how media affect self-esteem indirectl
y, despite criticism, through beliefs about how others use and are affected
by media. In-depth interviews with 60 white and minority girls, complement
ed by quantitative measures from a larger study, help to clarify how girls
ape affected by prominent images of females pervasive in media. Most girls
see the images as unrealistic; many prefer to see "real" girls. White girls
despite their criticism, are still harmed by the images because they belie
ve that others find the images important and that others in the local cultu
re, especially boys, evaluate them on the basis of these images. Minority g
irls do not identify with "white" media images, nor believe that significan
t others are affected by them; thus their critical interpretations succeed
in thwarting negative feelings. The study increases our understanding of me
dia effects on the self-concept and suggests that researchers consider how
media images may be part of social comparison and reflected appraisal proce
sses.