Even traces of ionic species in the emissive polymer layer in Al/MEH-PPV/IT
O LEDs or in the non-emissive emeraldine base, "EB" layer, in Al/MEH-PPV/EB
/LTO LEDs are shown to dramatically change the characteristics of the LEDs
including improved quantum yield and/or operation in both forward and rever
se bias modes-due to reduction of electron/hole injection energies facilita
ted by ion diffusion phenomenon.