Evaporation from Pinus caribaea plantations on former grassland soils under maritime tropical conditions

Wet canopy and dry canopy evaporation from young and mature plantations of Pinus caribaea on former grassland soils under maritime tropical conditions in southwestern Viti Levu, Fiji, were determined using micrometeorological and hydrological techniques. Modeled annual evaporation totals (ET) of 192 6 and 1717 mm were derived for the 6- and the 15-year-old stands, respectiv ely. Transpiration made up 72% and 70% of annual ET, and modeled rainfall i nterception by the trees and litter layer was 20-22% and 8-9% in the young and the mature stands respectively. Monthly ET was related to forest leaf a rea index and was much higher than that for the kind of tall fire-climax Pe nnisetum polystachyon grassland replaced by the forests. Grassland reforest ation resulted in a maximum decrease in annual water yield of 1180 mm on a plot basis, although it is argued that a reduction of (at least) 500-700 mm would be more realistic at the catchment scale. The impact of reforesting grassland on the water resources in southwest Viti Levu is enhanced by its location in a maritime, seasonal climate in the outer tropics, which favors a larger difference between annual forest and grassland evaporation totals than do equatorial regions.