The second law, the fourth law, recycling and limits to growth

Despite counter examples in nature, it has been argued that total recycling is impossible for an industrial society as a consequence of the second law of thermodynamics. In this paper it is shown that there is no such limitat ion. However, it is also shown that there must be a large stockpile of inac tive materials as well as an exogenous source of exergy (e.g. from the sun) for a stable steady-state recycling system to function. The paper also dis cusses (briefly) some of the implications for economic growth. (C) 1999 Els evier Science B.V. All rights reserved.