MHD description of the dynamical relationships between a flux rope, streamer, coronal mass ejection, and magnetic cloud: An analysis of the January 1997 Sun-Earth connection event
St. Wu et al., MHD description of the dynamical relationships between a flux rope, streamer, coronal mass ejection, and magnetic cloud: An analysis of the January 1997 Sun-Earth connection event, J GEO R-S P, 104(A7), 1999, pp. 14789-14801
We investigate the dynamical relationships between a coronal flux rope, a s
treamer, a coronal mass ejection (CME), and a magnetic cloud by using obser
vations from the satellites of the International Solar-Terrestrial Physics
observatories together with a streamer and flux rope interaction model [Wu
and Guo, 1997a]. This is the first physical description of the evolution of
a CME related to a flux rope in a streamer near the Sun to a magnetic clou
d at 1 AU, The distinctive physical configuration of the model is based on
a theoretical suggestion [Low, 1994] and observations [Hundhausen, 1993] th
at the magnetic structure of a streamer with an embedded cavity provides fa
vorable condition for launch of a CME. We explore this physical scenario by
identifying a flux rope as the cavity and using a fully self-consistent nu
merical simulation to illustrate the dynamical process of evolution of the
flux rope/CME into a magnetic cloud. The simulation results are then compar
ed to solar and interplanetary data from the well-observed Sun-Earth connec
tion event of January 6-12, 1997. The data used for this analysis were coll
ected chiefly by the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) Large-Angle
and Spectrometric Coronagraph Experiment coronagraph and the solar wind par
ticle and field sensors on the Wind spacecraft, but ground-based solar data
were used as well. Because we have detailed observations of the same distu
rbance both at the Sun (SOHO) and at 1 AU (Wind), this event gives us an un
usual opportunity to test the magnetohydrodynamic methodology and to learn
about the physical processes of the Sun-Earth connection. In this study we
show that when the flux rope rises (owing to increasing axial current, as a
ssumed here, or to some other mechanism), it disrupts the streamer-flux rop
e system, thus launching a coronal mass ejection. The flux rope then escape
s from the streamer and evolves to become a magnetic cloud, as expected, in
interplanetary space. The CME is a visible feature moving ahead of the flu
x rope. The model also predicts a fast-mode shock in front of the magnetic
cloud, as observed.