Visualizing science by citation mapping

Science mapping is discussed in the general context of information visualiz ation. Attempts to construct maps of science using citation data are review ed, focusing on the use of cc-citation clusters. New work is reported on a dataset of about 36,000 documents using simplified methods for ordination, and nesting maps hierarchically. An overall map of the dataset shows the mu ltidisciplinary breadth of the document sample, and submaps allow drilling down to the document level. An effort to visualize these data using advance d virtual reality software is described, and the creation of document pathw ays through the map is seen as a realization of Bush's (1945) associative t rails.