Randomized placebo-controlled trial of a 42-day tapering course of dexamethasone to reduce the duration of ventilator dependency in very low birth weight infants

Objective. To assess the effect on duration of ventilator dependency of a 4 2-day tapering course of ventilator dependency of a 42-day tapering course of dexamethasone in very low birth weight neonates. Methods. Infants (N = 118) were assigned randomly, within birth weight/gend er strata, to treatment with either a 42-day tapering course of dexamethaso ne or an equal volume of saline as placebo. Entry criteria were 1) birth we ight <1501 g; 2) age between 15 and 25 days; 3) <10% decrease in ventilator settings for 24 hours and FIO2 greater than or equal to 0.3; 4) absence of patent ductus arteriosus, sepsis, major congenital malformation, congenita l heart disease; and 5) no evidence of maternal HIV or hepatitis B infectio n. The dosage schedule was 0.25 mg/kg bid for 3 days, then 0.15 mg/kg bid f or 3 days, then a 10% reduction in the dose every 3 days until a dose of 0. 1 mg/kg had been given for 3 days, from which time a dose of 0.1 mg/kg god was continued until 42 days after entry. The primary endpoint was the numbe r of days on assisted ventilation after study entry. Secondary outcomes of interest included days on supplemental oxygen, days of hospitalization, and potential adverse effects, such as infection, gastrointestinal bleeding, l eft ventricular hypertrophy, and severe retinopathy of prematurity. Results. Infants in the dexamethasone- and placebo-treated groups were simi lar in terms of baseline attributes, including birth weight, gestational ag e, gender, race, and ventilator settings at entry. Infants treated with dex amethasone were on assisted ventilation and supplemental oxygen for fewer d ays after study entry (median days on ventilator, 5th and 95th percentiles, 13 [1-64] vs 25 [6-104]; days on oxygen, 59 [6-247] vs 100 [11-346]). No d ifferences were found in risk of death, infection, or severe retinopathy. I n subgroup analyses, the association of dexamethasone with more rapid weani ng from the ventilator was weaker among infants enrolled before the 16th da y of life, infants with chest radiographs showing cystic changes and/or hyp erinflation, and infants requiring an FIO2 greater than or equal to 0.7 or a peak inspiratory pressure greater than or equal to 19 at study entry. Conclusions. A 42-day tapering course of dexamethasone decreases the durati on of ventilator and oxygen dependency in very low birth weight infants and is not associated with an increased risk of short-term adverse effects.