On-chip microelectrodes for electrochemistry with moveable PPy bilayer actuators as working electrodes

We present electrochemical microactuators which have all the electrodes nec essary for the actuation-the working, counter, and reference electrodes-on- chip. This is a first step towards an all-polymer system, i.e., a system th at does not require a liquid electrolyte. The microactuators' performance w as as good as when standard, off-chip counter and reference electrodes were used. Specifically, the speed of actuation was the same. In addition, we o btained;a good cyclic voltammogram, although the oxidation and reduction pe aks were shifted and some noise was present. Apart from application in an a ll-polymer system, we will also use these microactuators for studies on the effect of mechanical stimulation of living cells. (C) 1999 Elsevier Scienc e S.A. All rights reserved.