Managing Nordic boreal forest landscapes for biodiversity: ecological and economic perspectives

More conservation-oriented forest management practices have been implemente d recently in the Nordic countries. The goal of this ecological forest land scape management is to reconcile the commercial harvesting of boreal forest s with biodiversity conservation. Management aims at maintaining viable pop ulations of the full array of naturally occurring species in an area while still keeping the timber flow as maximal as possible. Basic ecological tool s of managing landscape for biodiversity are (1) to mimic natural disturban ce regimes, (2) to set aside areas in permanent or temporary nature reserve s, and (3) to enhance dispersal of organisms by creating habitat corridors and stepping stones. The ecological basis of this management system is not well founded, and much more empirical and theoretical research is needed to justify and further develop forest landscape management. It has also prove d difficult to assess the economic consequences of more conservation-orient ed forest management because the market economy largely fails to give value to forest products other than fibre. Considerable methodological developme nt in the valuation of non-timber goods has occurred in recent years, but t here is still much controversy over the justification of the valuation proc edure in principle. It seems that both economic and moral approaches to the issue of valuation are inseparable from the choices and decisions we have to make about ecological systems. Perhaps the most fruitful outcome can be achieved by using moral and economic arguments in parallel.