Ghost artifacts in echoplanar imaging (EPI) arise from phase errors caused
by differences in eddy currents and gradient ramping during left-to-right t
raversal of k(x) (forward echo) versus right-to-left traversal of k(x) (rev
erse echo). Reference scans do not always reduce the artifact and may make
image quality worse. To eliminate the need for reference scans, a ghost art
ifact reduction technique based on image phase correction was developed, in
which phase errors are directly estimated from images reconstructed separa
tely using only the forward or only the reverse echos, In practice, this te
chnique is applicable only to single-shot EPI that produces only one ghost
(shifted 1/2 the field of view from the parent image), because the techniqu
e requires that the ghosts do not completely overlap the parent image. For
higher spatial resolution, typically an even number of separate k-space tra
versals (interleaves) are combined to produce one large data set. In this p
aper, we show that data obtained from an even number of interleaves cannot
be combined to produce only one ghost, and image phase correction cannot be
applied. We then show that data obtained from an odd number of interleaves
can be combined to produce only one ghost, and image phase correction can
be applied to reduce ghost intensity significantly. This "odd-number interl
eaf EPI" provides spatial and temporal resolution tradeoffs that are comple
mentary to, or can replace, those of even-number interleaf EPI. Odd-number
interleaf EPI may be particularly useful for NIR systems in which reference
scans have been unreliable. (C) 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.