Innate and adaptive immune responses co-operate to protect cattle against Theileria annulata

For many years it was assumed that Theileria annulata resembled T. parva, p arasitizing lymphocytes and causing lymphoproliferative disease, with the t wo species being controlled by similar protective immune responses. Patrici a Preston et al. here review the evidence that has led to a different view of T. annulata. It is no now thought that the schizonts of T. annulata inha bit macrophages and B cells, and that tropical theileriosis is not a lympho proliferative disease. Both innate and adaptive responses contribute to rec overy from infection and resistance to challenge and cytokines produced by infected and uninfected cells influence the outcome of infection. Partial p rotection has been stimulated recently by defined recombinant antigens; eff icacy depended upon the delivery system.