HIV infection and seizures

New-onset seizures are frequent manifestations of central nervous system di sorders in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Seizu res are more common in advanced stages of the disease, although they may oc cur early in the course of illness. In the majority of patients, seizures a re of the generalised type. Status epilepticus is also frequent. Associated metabolic abnormalities increase the risk for status epilepticus. Cerebral mass lesions, cryptococcal meningitis, and HIV-encephalopathy are common c auses of seizures. Phenytoin is the most commonly prescribed anticonvulsant in this situation, although several patients may experience hypersensitivi ty reactions. The prognosis of seizure disorders in HIV-infected patients d epends upon the underlying cause.