Who's smoking, drinking, and using drugs? Time perspective as a predictor of substance use

Two studies examined whether those identified as having a more present time perspective (PTP) are more likely to report using alcohol, drugs, and toba cco. In Study 1, across 2,627 participants from 15 samples, we found that P TP, as assessed by the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, was related to more frequent self-reported alcohol, drug, and tobacco use (Substance Use s cale: average r = .34, p < .001). Future time perspective (FTP) was negativ ely related to reported substance use (average r = -.16, p < .001), but the relation was weaker than that of PTP, suggesting that PTP and FTP are inde pendent constructs. In Study 2, we found that PTP was a significant predict or of reported substance use even after controlling for many personality tr aits that have been related to increased substance use. These findings indi cate that time perspective is an important individual difference construct that should be considered when examining health-related behaviors, such as substance use and abuse, and in planning intervention programs.