Problem solving in infancy: The emergence of an action plan

Young children's strategies were evaluated as they grasped and used objects . Spoons containing food and toys mounted on handles were presented to 9-, 14-, and 19-month-old children with the handle alternately oriented to the left and right. The alternating orientations revealed strategies that the c hildren used for grasping items. Younger children usually reached with thei r preferred hand, disregarding the item's orientation. In the case of the s poon, this strategy produced awkward grasps that had to be corrected later. Older children anticipated the problem, alternated the hand used, and achi eved an efficient radial grip (i.e., handle grasped with base of thumb towa rd food or toy end) for both orientations. A model of the development of ac tion-selection strategies is proposed to illustrate planning in children yo unger than 2 years.