Overexpression of thyroid hormone receptor alpha 1 during zebrafish embryogenesis disrupts hindbrain patterning and implicates retinoic acid receptors in the control of hox gene expression
Jj. Essner et al., Overexpression of thyroid hormone receptor alpha 1 during zebrafish embryogenesis disrupts hindbrain patterning and implicates retinoic acid receptors in the control of hox gene expression, DIFFERENTIA, 65(1), 1999, pp. 1-11
Nuclear receptors play key roles in anterior/posterior (A/P) axis formation
during vertebrate embryogenesis. Within this gene family, retinoic acid re
ceptors and retinoic acid itself have profound influences on the establishm
ent of the A/P axis. Thyroid hormone receptors are expressed during early p
eriods of development, long before the establishment of the thyroid gland,
and are able to interact with retinoic acid receptors. Here we examined the
ability of the thyroid hormone receptor al to affect early embryonic devel
opment by mRNA injection of either repressor or activator forms of the thyr
oid hormone receptor. Overexpression of either the thyroid hormone receptor
al or a constitutive repressor form, v-erbA, caused a swelling in the rost
ral hindbrain. These defects were associated with disorganization and loss
of rhombomere borders as well as an increase in the number of acetylcholine
esterase positive cells. This phenotype correlated with a reduction in hox
al expression during gastrulation. Furthermore, injection of either thyroid
hormone receptor al or v-erbA mRNA repressed a reporter gene that containe
d a retinoic acid response element, demonstrating the ability of the thyroi
d hormone receptor al to repress retinoic acid signaling during gastrulatio
n. In contrast, embryos treated with retinoic acid alone or embryos injecte
d with thyroid hormone receptor al and treated with the thyroid hormone ana
log TRIAC displayed a similar set of defects, including loss of the midbrai
n-hindbrain border and severe disruption of the rostral hindbrain. These st
udies support the involvement of retinoic acid and its receptors in the dir
ect control of Hox gene expression and the early patterning of the zebrafis
h central nervous system.