Footwear cushioning: Relating objective and subjective measurements

Footwear cushioning was evaluated objectively using an impact tester and re lated to perceived levels of cushioning (PLC). To evaluate the perceived le vels of cushioning during standing, walking, and running, 3 experiments wer e conducted with 20 participants in each experiment. A 7-point subjective r ating scale was used to rate the perceived levels of cushioning. At the end of the experiment, the subjective perceptions of cushioning were also reco rded. During standing and running, the perceived level of cushioning can be predicted from the time to peak deceleration and/or stiffness (or compress ion). During walking, however, the magnitude of the peak deceleration on th e impact tester appears to be a good predictor of PLC. Impact characterizat ions can reveal important differences between materials and how they are pe rceived during activity. In addition, the results seem to explain and link the differences that exist in the ergonomics and biomechanics literature on cushioning. Applications of this research include the design and selection of materials for footwear, floor mats, and other supporting surfaces.