S. Ikuta et al., High-coupling efficiency vertical ARROW coupler with large tolerance and short coupling length for three-dimensional optical interconnects, IEEE PHOTON, 11(8), 1999, pp. 1006-1008
A compact ARROW-type vertical coupler for three-dimensional optical interco
nnects was demonstrated. The refractive index and thickness of intermediate
cladding were optimally designed to achieve large fabrication tolerance an
d short coupling length with high coupling efficiency. Very short coupling
length of 800 mu m and high coupling efficiency of 96% were experimentally
demonstrated.