Downregulation of innate and acquired antitumor immunity by bystander gamma delta and alpha beta T lymphocytes with Th2 or Tr1 cytokine profiles

It has been thought that natural killer (NK) cells appearing early in tumor lesions play a pivotal role in the innate immunity against tumor cells. Al though NK cells serve as the first tumoricidal effector cells, they subsequ ently promote a shift in effecters from themselves to tumor-specific cytoto xic T lymphocytes (CTLs) that mediate the acquired immunity. The mechanism of this shift has not been fully elucidated, however, NK cell-derived T hel per (Th) 1 cytokines such as interferon (IFN)-gamma seem to play a key role . Another NK-lineage, termed natural killer T (NK T) cells, may also partic ipate in the innate period when they acquire the ability to secrete Th1 cyt okines. Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-10, belonging to Th2, and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), belonging to T regulatory (Tr) 1 cytokines, are known to suppress the development of NK, NK T cells, as well as CTLs an d to block Th0 cell differentiation to Th1 cells, suggesting that tumor cel ls can evade the innate and acquired immunity by virtue of cells producing these inhibitory cytokines. In early tumor lesions of murine B16 melanoma, gamma delta T and alpha beta intermediate ((int))T cells that co-infiltrate with NK and NK T cells can produce Th2 cytokines and inhibit the innate im munity. In MM2 mammary tumor-bearing mice, gamma delta T cells appearing bo th lesionally and systemically secrete Tr1-type cytokines and depress the a cquired immunity. These Th2- or Tr1-type gamma delta T and alpha beta(int) T cells downregulate the tumoricidal cells by means of both their secreted cytokines and express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecu les.