Discovery of the acoustic Faraday effect in superfluid He-3-B

Acoustic waves provide a powerful tool for studying the structure of matter . For example, the speed, attenuation and dispersion of acoustic waves can give useful information on molecular forces and the microscopic mechanisms of absorption and scattering of acoustic energy. In solids, both compressio n and shear waves occur-longitudinal and transverse sound, respectively. Bu t normal liquids do not support shear forces and consequently transverse wa ves do not propagate in liquids, with one notable exception. In 1957 Landau predicted(1) that the quantum-liquid phase of helium-3 might support trans verse sound waves at sufficiently low temperatures, the restoring forces fo r shear waves being supplied by the collective quantum behaviour of the par ticles in the fluid. Such shear waves will involve displacements of the flu id transverse to the direction of propagation, and so define a polarization direction similar to that of electromagnetic waves. Here we confirm experi mentally the existence of transverse sound waves in superfluid He-3-B by ob serving the rotation of the polarization of these waves in the presence of a magnetic field. This phenomenon is the acoustic analogue of the magneto-o ptic Faraday effect, whereby the polarization direction of an electromagnet ic wave is rotated by a magnetic field applied along the propagation direct ion.