Diseases and parasites, eradication or management: what strategy for honeybee health?

With the recent discoveries of treatment-resistant AFB and varroa, the face of disease and pest control in apiculture has changed. Control must now en ter the realm of integrated pest management (IPM) by which traditional chem ical controls are combined with 'softer' approaches and with genetic and cu ltural methods. IPM is needed to reduce the occurrence of more treament-res istant pathogens and pests. Control tactics need to lower expectation to ef ficacy that is economically feasible rather than near absolute.