Prenatal exposure to wartime famine and development of antisocial personality disorder in early adulthood

Context Several observational epidemiological studies report an association of pregnancy and obstetric complications with development of antisocial pe rsonality disorder (ASPD) in offspring. However, the precise nature and tim ing of the hypothesized biological insults are not known. Objective To test whether severe maternal nutritional deficiency early in g estation is associated with risk for ASPD in offspring. Design and Setting Retrospective cohort study. From October 1944 to May 194 5, the German army blockaded food supplies to the Netherlands, subjecting t he western Netherlands first to moderate (official food rations, 4200-6300 kJ/d) then to severe (<4200 kJ/d) nutritional deficiency. The north and sou th were subjected to moderate nutritional deficiency only. Participants Dutch men born in large urban areas in 1944-1946 who were give n psychiatric examinations for military induction at age 18 years (N = 100 543) were classified by the degree and timing of their prenatal exposure to nutritional deficiency based on their birthdate and birthplace. Main Outcome Measure Diagnosis of ASPD by psychiatric interview at time of medical examination for military induction, using the International Classif ication of Diseases, Sixth Revision (ICD-6). Results Men exposed prenatally to severe maternal nutritional deficiency du ring the first and/or second trimesters of pregnancy exhibited increased ri sk for ASPD (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 2.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1 .5-4.2). Third-trimester exposure to severe nutritional deficiency and pren atal exposure to moderate nutritional deficiency were not associated with r isk for ASPD. Conclusions Our data suggest that severe nutritional insults to the develop ing brain in utero may be capable of increasing the risk for antisocial beh aviors in offspring. The possible implications of these findings for both d eveloped countries and developing countries, where severe nutritional defic iency is widespread and often exacerbated by war, natural disaster, and for ced migration, warrant study.