The influence of general health and socio-cultural variables on the periodontal condition of pregnant women

Background: There has been speculation as to whether hormonal changes durin g pregnancy or pre-existing conditions of general, oral, and dental health and socio-cultural background have a greater impact on the development of p eriodontal disease during pregnancy. Methods: This study evaluates the periodontal status of 130 pregnant women (plaque index, bleeding index, probing depth, and clinical attachment level ) and its relationship to demographic (age, professional level, education, and urban or rural residence) and clinical variables (gestation period, pre vious pregnancy, health status, previous live births, previous periodontal maintenance). The hospital in which the study was conducted was selected du ring a Frier pilot study. All records were compiled by the same trained exa miner with a calibrated manual probe. Statistical tests used were ANOVA and ANCOVA. Results: Results showed a mean plaque index of 58.7+/-2.79%, which increase d with statistical significance when the professional level was lower (P <0 .014), education was lower (P <0.01), previous periodontal maintenance was less frequent (P <0.00001) and patients lived in rural areas (P <0.0003). T he mean bleeding index was 68.8+/-2.44% and was significant in relation to lower professional level (P <0.025), less frequent previous periodontal mai ntenance (P <0.029), and an urban residence (P <0.0011). A mean clinical at tachment level of 0.84+/-0.65 mm was observed and was related significantly with age (26 to 30 years) (P <0.001) and the third trimester of gestation period (P <0.0025). The mean probing depth was 1.71+/-0.3 mm, which related significantly with age (36 to 42 years) (P <0.0002), lower professional le vel (P <0.0013), rural residence (P <0.0025), 2 or more previous live birth s (P <0.0001), and non-attendance for previous periodontal maintenance (P < 0.0023). Using ANCOVA testing and adjusting by age, the differences relatin g to previous live births disappeared. Conclusions: Gingivitis due to accumulation of plaque was the most characte ristic periodontal condition in this sample and was related to professional level, level of education, and previous periodontal maintenance. These res ults illustrate the importance of establishing periodontal preventive measu res for pregnant women, even though their demographic and clinical characte ristics do not differ from those of the general population.