Social disengagement and incident cognitive decline in community-dwelling elderly persons

Background: Social engagement, which is defined as the maintenance of many social connections and a high level of participation in social activities, has been thought to prevent cognitive decline in elderly persons. However, few longitudinal studies of this relation have been done. Objective: To determine the relation between social disengagement and incid ent cognitive decline in community-dwelling elderly persons. Design: Cohort study. Setting: New Haven, Connecticut. Participants: 2812 noninstitutionalized elderly persons (65 years of age or older) who were interviewed in their homes in 1982, 1985, 1988, and 1994. Measurements: A global social disengagement scale was constructed from the following indicators: presence of a spouse, monthly visual contact with thr ee or more relatives or friends, yearly nonvisual contact with 10 or more r elatives or friends, attendance at religious services, group membership, an d regular social activities. Cognitive function was assessed with the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire. Response to the questionnaire was sc ored as high, medium, or low. Cognitive decline was defined as a transition to a lower category. Results: Compared with persons who had five or six social ties, those who h ad no social ties were at increased risk for incident cognitive decline aft er adjustment for age, initial cognitive performance, sex, ethnicity, educa tion, income, housing type, physical disability, cardiovascular profile, se nsory impairment, symptoms of depression, smoking, alcohol use, and level o f physical activity. The 3-year odds ratio was 2.24 (95% CI, 1.40 to 3.58; P < 0.001), the 6-year odds ratio was 1.91 (CI, 1.14 to 3.18; P = 0.01), an d the 12-year odds ratio was 2.37 (CI, 1.07 to 4.88; P = 0.03). Conclusion: Social disengagement is a risk factor for cognitive impairment among elderly persons.