Microbiological standardisation of laboratory animals

An overview is given on various aspects of microbiological standardisation of laboratory animals. The paper focuses on small rodents because rats and mice are the most frequently used animal species. An introductory chapter d escribes the importance of micro-organisms and their potential effects on a nimals and animal experiments. Some terms describing the microbiological qu ality of rodents (e.g., germ-free, "SPF", conventional) are explained. Hous ing conditions and requirements for the management which are both necessary to maintain a high microbiological standard in the animal facility are des cribed. The most relevant sources of micro-organisms are briefly discussed. An overview is given on some aspects which have to be considered during he alth monitoring like, e.g., micro-organisms to be monitored, sample size an d frequency, age of animals. In the reference section primarily actual and general articles or recommendations are listed. Further details can be foun d at internet homepages which are listed for several organisations active i n laboratory animal science.