Ultrasound and swallowing

Diagnostic ultrasound plays an important role in logopedics and phoniatrics . In this article the basic principles of ultrasound are introduced along w ith the various ultrasonic methods used for assessment and intervention: B- mode, TM-mode, spectral Doppler, color Doppler and enhanced color Doppler. The application of each method to the study of swallowing is explored along with recent state-of-the-art advances in three-dimensional ultrasonic imag ing of the upper.