A new freshwater goby, Rhinogobius xianshuiensis sp. nov., was collected fr
om the upper Mulan River basin of Xianyou County, Fujian Province, eastern
China. The species is distinguished from related species in the region by 3
-7 predorsal scales, 27 vertebrae, cephalic lateralis canals always with 2
derived post-orbital pores (omega 1) in adults, a reddish-brown vertical li
ne below the anterior margin of the eye, and a red netlike pattern on the o
percle. A key to species of Rhinogobius with higher vertebral numbers (27-2
9) from eastern China, Taiwan and Japan is provided.