The neurobiology of violence: An update

Clinical correlates of violent behavior are known, but the underlying mecha nisms are not well understood. This article reviews recent progress in the understanding of such mechanisms involving complex interactions between gen es, prenatal and perinatal environmental factors, and rearing conditions. V iolent behavior is heterogeneous; that is, impulsive and premeditated viole nt acts differ in their origins, mechanisms, and management. Recent molecul ar genetic studies of neurotransmitter regulation are providing new insight s into pathophysiology of violent behavior. Functional anatomy of neurotran smitters involved in the regulation of violent behavior is being studied wi th recently developed brain imaging methods. Increasing evidence indicates commonalities between the neurobiology of violent and suicidal behavior. Pr ogress in the prevention and management of violent behavior depends on stud ies that address biological factors in their social context. This article u pdates a previous review.