Ethogram and ethnography of Mahale chimpanzees

This paper aims to compile an exhaustive list of the behavioral patterns ex hibited by the chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania. The compilation is based on the glossary compiled by Goodall (1989), but a substantial numbers of new terms have been added. Thus, we list 316 simple anatomical terms, 81 complex anatomical terms, 37 simple functional terms, and 81 complex functional terms, in addition to 116 synonyms. The behavior al patterns are divided into eight categories on the basis of degree of uni versality: (1) commonly seen in both Home and two species of Pan, (1?) comm only seen in Home and only one species of Pan, (2) patterns common to the g enus Pan but not to Home, (3) patterns common to the chimpanzee Pan troglod ytes but not the bonobo Pan paniscus, (4) patterns common to eastern (P.t. schweinfurthii) and central (P.t. troglodytes) but not western (Pt. vents) chimpanzees, (5) patterns unique to the eastern chimpanzees, Pt. schweinfur thii, (6) patterns unique to the population of Mahale, (7) patterns unique to many individuals (at least most members of an age/sex class) of M group chimpanzees, (8) patterns limited to a single (idiosyncrasy) or a few indiv iduals of M group. It is most likely that the behavior patterns of the last common ancestor of Home and Pan are found in Categories 1 and 1? and less likely in Categories 2 and 3. It is possible that behavior patterns belongi ng to Categories 5, 6 or 7 are cultures.