Fjp. Kuhn et Ng. Greeff, Movement of voltage sensor S4 in domain 4 is tightly coupled to sodium channel fast inactivation and gating charge immobilization, J GEN PHYSL, 114(2), 1999, pp. 167-183
The highly charged transmembrane segments in each of the four homologous do
mains (S4D1-S4D4) represent the principal voltage sensors for sodium channe
l gating. Hitherto, the existence of a functional specialization of the fou
r voltage sensors with regard to the control of the different gating modes,
i.e., activation, deactivation, and inactivation, is problematic, most lik
ely due to a functional coupling between the different domains. However, re
cent experimental data indicate that the voltage sensor in domain 4 (S4D4)
plays a unique role in sodium channel fast inactivation. The correlation of
fast inactivation and the movement of the S4D4 voltage sensor in rat brain
IIA sodium channels was examined by site-directed mutagenesis of the centr
al arginine residues to histidine and by analysis of both ionic and gating
currents using a high expression system in Xenopus oocytes and an optimized
two-electrode voltage clamp. Mutation R1635H shifts the steady state inact
ivation to more hyperpolarizing potentials and drastically increases the re
covery time constant, thereby indicating a stabilized inactivated state. In
contrast, R1638H shifts the steady state inactivation to more depolarizing
potentials and strongly increases the inactivation time constant, thereby
suggesting a preferred open state occupancy. The double mutant R1635/1638H
shows intermediate effects on inactivation. Tn contrast, the activation kin
etics are not significantly influenced by any of the mutations. Gating curr
ent immobilization is markedly decreased in R1635H and R1635/1638H but only
moderately in R1638H. The time courses of recovery from inactivation and i
mmobilization correlate well in wild-type and mutant channels, suggesting a
n intimate coupling of these two processes that is maintained in the mutati
ons. These results demonstrate that S4D4 is one of the immobilized voltage
sensors during the manifestation of the inactivated state. Moreover, the pr
esented data strongly suggest that S4D4 is involved in the control of fast
inactivation.