Improving nitrogen use efficiency for cereal production

Worldwide, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) for cereal production (wheat, Trit icum aestivum L.; corn, Zea mays L.; rice, Oryza sativa L. and O. glaberrim a Steud.; barley, Hordeum vulgare L.; sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench; millet, Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.; oat, Avena sativa L.; and rye, Sec ale cereale L.) is approximately 33%. The unaccounted 67% represents a $15. 9 billion annual loss of N fertilizer (assuming fertilizer-soil equilibrium ). Loss of fertilizer N results from gaseous plant emission, soil denitrifi cation, surface runoff, volatilization, and leaching. Increased cereal NUE is unlikely, unless a systems approach is implemented that uses varieties w ith high harvest index, incorporated NH4-N fertilizer, application of presc ribed rates consistent with in-field variability using sensor-based systems within production fields, low N rates applied at flowering, and forage pro duction systems. Furthermore, increased cereal NUE must accompany increased yields needed to feed a growing world population that has yet to benefit f rom the promise of N-2-fixing cereal crops. The Consultative Group on Inter national Agricultural Research (CGIAR) linked with advanced research progra ms at universities and research institutes is uniquely positioned to refine fertilizer N use in the world via the extension of improved NUE hybrids an d cultivars and management practices in both the developed and developing w orld.