Continuous enzymatic transesterification of high oleic sunflower oil in a packed bed reactor: influence of the glycerol production

The transesterification of high oleic sunflower oil with butanol by the imm obilized Lipozyme(R) in n-hexane was carried out in a continuous packed bed reactor, oleic acid, butyl ester, and glycerol being formed as the main pr oducts. It was found that glycerol, insoluble in n-hexane, remained in the reactor adsorbed onto the enzymatic support, leading to a drastic decrease in enzymatic activity. The phenomenon involved in this loss of activity was attributed to the formation of an hydrophilic hindrance around the enzyme resulting in diffusion limitations of the hydrophobic substrate from the or ganic phase to the enzyme. To recover enzymatic activity, several solutions are proposed. The addition of silica gel into the enzymatic bed to adsorb the produced glycerol did not enable this loss of activity to be avoided. I n order to enhance the solubility of glycerol in the reaction medium as soo n as it was produced, n-hexane amended acetone was used as solvent, but hig h conversion of sunflower oil was not restored. Finally, by intermittent ri nsing of the catalyst bed with a solution of tertiary alcohol amended with water to obtain the optimal thermodynamic water activity of 0.54, glycerol was eliminated from the reactor, and high conversion was maintained. This s emi-continuous process allowed not only the synthesis of oleic acid butyl e ater but also the two products to be recovered separately. (C) 1999 Elsevie r Science Inc. All rights reserved.