Invasion of personal space under the condition of short-term crowding: A case study on an automatic teller machine

This study is an investigation of the effects of short-term crowding on the invasion of personal space. The analysis was carried out by means of resea rch designed for automatic teller machine (ATM) users in Ankara. The activi ty, withdrawing money from an ATM, requires certain levels of privacy which may vary with the personal characteristics of the individuals. Among these , sex of the user is considered an important factor. Also, situational vari ables such as density conditions have an effect on interpersonal distance. The survey was carried out through participant observation and short interv iews with the users under two - low and high - density conditions. It was f ound that personal space was invaded more under high density conditions and when the space was perceived as narrower. However, this did not cause a si gnificant difference in the privacy requirements of the users as they mostl y preferred a private space under both density conditions. Sex did not appe ar to be a dominating factor in this choice although people of opposite sex es tended to keep longer distances between them. The only difference was th e females' approach to males which was more distant than males approach to females. Utilizing the findings of this research, appropriate design soluti ons for an indoor ATM hall were proposed. (C) 1999 Academic Press.