Simple methods for checking for possible errors in reported odds ratios, relative risks and confidence intervals

Meta-analyses of data from epidemiological studies are often based on odds ratios (ORs) or relative risks (RRs) and their 95 per cent confidence inter vals (CIs) as reported by the authors. Where possible ORs, RRs and CIs shou ld be checked against the source data. Some simple methods are presented fo r checking the validity of reported ORs, RRs and CIs where the source data are not available. These methods include inferring the minimum total number of subjects in the study, the minimum total number of cases and the minimu m number there must be in any disease/exposure category. Examples taken fro m the literature on environmental tobacco smoke exposure (ETS) illustrate t hat errors in published data are not infrequent and may stay undetected in meta-analyses. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.