Applied pharmacoeconomics: Evaluation and use of pharmacoeconomic data from the literature

The evaluation and use of published pharmacoeconomic data are discussed. The pharmacoeconomic literature is a vast and powerful source of informatio n for pharmacists and others who must make decisions about services and pro ducts. Published studies can provide data quickly and inexpensively, but th ey may not necessarily meet criteria for quality and may not be generalizab le to a specific situation. Guidelines are available that are intended to s tandardize study methods, minimize potential bias, and increase the compara bility and credibility of data. Before relying on a published study, decisi on-makers should ensure that it meets criteria related to objective, perspe ctive, pharmacoeconomic method, design, interventions, costs, outcomes, dis counting, results, sensitivity analysis, extrapolation of conclusions, and sponsorship. A sound study can be used to support decisions in such diverse areas as individual patient treatment, formulary management, drug-use guid eline development, disease management initiatives, and pharmaceutical servi ce evaluation. A decision-maker may be able to use the results by applying them at face value, employing a sensitivity analysis, performing a metaanal ysis, incorporating the data into a pharmacoeconomic model, or reproducing the study on a smaller scale. The selection of an application strategy shou ld be based on the potential impact of the decision on the quality and cost of care, with more rigorous and complex strategies reserved for more extre me impacts. Published pharmacoeconomic data can help pharmacists make better and more i nformed decisions about pharmaceutical services and products.