Of genes, environment, and destiny

The target article approaches individual differences in terms of phenotypic differences developing through the interaction between a specific genetic make up and environmental variables. This interaction is proposed to be coo perative and oriented toward a progressive stabilisation of the trait. Howe ver, experimental data from animal studies indicate that environmental pres sure promotes dramatic changes in phenotypic expression in mature organisms . Indeed, environmental constraint not only promotes the phenotypic express ion of facilitated VTA-NAS DA transmission in genotype-resistant individual s; it also inhibits its expression in genetically prone individuals. This i s in line with negative genotype-environment correlation revealed by behavi or genetics.