Expression of plasminogen activator inhibitors 1 and 2 in lung cancer and their role in tumor progression

The plasminogen activator cascade initiated by urokinase type plasminogen a ctivator (u-PA) is involved in extracellular matrix degradation during the tumor invasion process. The plasminogen activator inhibitors 1 (PAI-1) and 2 (PAI-2) are two specific inhibitors of u-PA. We hypothesized that the bal ance between u-PA and its two inhibitors could be disrupted to favor plasmi nogen activation during lung cancer progression. Using immunohistochemistry , we analyzed the pattern of expression of u-PA, PAI-I, and PAI-2 in non-sm all cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC) and neuroendocrine (NE) lung tumors. u-PA and PAI-1 were both detected in stromal fibroblasts and in tumor cells. In 84 NSCLCs, their epithelial expression was strongly correlated and linked t o the presence of node metastasis (P = 0.008), whereas their coexpression i n fibroblasts was associated with larger tumor size (P = 0,04) and advanced stages (P = 0.009), In 72 NE tumors, u-PA and PAI-I were more frequently e xpressed in fibroblasts in high-grade NE tumors (SCLC and large cell NE tum ors) than in low- and intermediate-grade tumors (typical and atypical carci noids). Comparison of in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry in 14 cases showed that PAI-1 was consistently expressed by stromal fibroblasts, although the protein was also localized in tumor cells. In contrast, the ex pression of PAI-2 was restricted to fibroblasts and correlated with the abs ence of nodal involvement (P = 0.005), Considering NE tumors, the frequency of PAI-2 expression decreased along the NE spectrum from typical carcinoid s to SCLCs, These data suggest that PAI-lacts in synergy with u-PA to favor tumor invasion process and connotes aggressivity, in contrast with PAI-2, which may block u-PA-mediated proteolysis and is inversely correlated with tumor progression.