Managing ankle injuries in the emergency department

We review the anatomy and physiology of the ankle joint with attention to t he structures most likely to be injured. We discuss the epidemiology of ank le injuries and their physical and radiographic evaluation, including the O ttawa Ankle Rules. Treatment, consultation, and pitfalls are followed by mo re specific discussions of tendonitis, Achilles tendon injury, tendonous su bluxations, tarsal tunnel syndrome, sonovial impingement, and injury to the os trigonum, The references provide a guide for further reading. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Inc.