Universal development of emotion categories in natural language

P. Shaver, I. Schwartz, D. Kirson, and C. O'Connor(1987) found that English emotion words fall into 25 categories of synonyms. To find emotion nomencl ature universals, the authors used P. Shaver et aL's taxonomy in a sample o f the world's languages and found that emotion categories were added in mos t languages in a relatively similar generalized sequence. Labeled first wer e the categories of anger and guilt; followed in Stage 2 by adoration, alar m, amusement, and depression; in Stage 3 by alienation, arousal, and agony; and ending with eagerness in Stage 4. The remaining 5 stages were derivati ves of. Stages 1-4. Thus, in the folk taxonomy, Stages 1-4 are basic lingui stic emotion categories. Motives for labeling emotions were driven possibly by the need to maintain social control, the identification of prototypical emotions elicited in interpersonal relationships, and the need for terms t o identify intrapersonal emotions. Features of markedness theory were corro borated for English emotion terms.