Markov models and polygon diagrams for climatological interpretations of cyclones and anticyclones over the northern hemisphere

Annual cyclone and anticyclone numbers in addition to the temperature data for the northern hemisphere are processed through simple models leading to meaningful interpretations. Historical climatological characteristics of th e cyclone and anticyclone numbers are modeled by a first order Markov proce ss. Statistically indistinguishable synthetic cyclone and anticyclone numbe rs are generated. Polygon diagrams which show the mutual relationships betw een average cyclone (anticyclone) numbers and the temperature are employed for finding possible relevant climatological changes during the record peri od. A polygon diagram concept is proposed and applied in order to identify sub-period warming and cooling spells of any desired short or long term dur ations and their relationship to the annual number of cyclone (anticyclone) occurrence numbers. The results indicate a decrease (increase) in the cycl one and anticyclone numbers during cooling (warming) periods. The methodolo gies proposed in this paper can be easily adopted for cyclone and anticyclo ne numbers modeling in any part of the world.