Laminitis as a systemic disease

This article presents the clinical pathology and the involvement of the car diovascular, renal, endocrine, and immunologic systems in laminitis. The da ta available on these systems are presented with respect to the disease pha se and severity. The nutritional and metabolic alterations realized in the chronically affected horse are also presented. In this discussion, the orig ins and clinical implications of these systemic findings are discussed.