Diagnosing regional pain: the view from primary care

There is a general lack of new evidence on which to base practical and usef ul diagnostic classifications of regional musculoskeletal pain for primary care. However, the 'red flag' system, developed and now disseminated succes sfully in the management of low back pain, seems to be applicable to the in itial management of other regional pain. In this scheme, signs and symptoms of serious disease are sought, and their presence is the indication for th e investigation or referral of individual patients. In their absence, the l ow predictive value of many signs, tests and even diagnostic labels argues against their routine use in primary care. Simple decisions based on separa tion into articular versus non-articular, and acute versus chronic, are fav oured by the most recent expert consensus statements. In addition, the pres ence or absence of more widespread pain, and of other non-specific features of chronic pain, is likely to be helpful in managing regional syndromes. P rospective studies of the prognostic value of symptoms, signs and diagnosti c labels remain a research priority in this field.