Ha. Rinia et al., Blistering of Langmuir-Blodgett bilayers containing anionic phospholipids as observed by atomic force microscopy, BIOPHYS J, 77(3), 1999, pp. 1683-1693
Asymmetric bilayers of different phospholipid compositions have been prepar
ed by the Langmuir-Blodgett (L-B) method, and imaged by atomic force micros
copy (AFM). Such bilayers can function as a model for biological membranes.
The first leaflet consisted of zwitterionic phospholipids phosphatidylchol
ine (PC) or phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). The second leaflet consisted of
the anionic phospholipid phosphatidylglycerol (PG), in either the condensed
or liquid phase or, for comparison, of PC. Different bilayers showed diffe
rent morphology. In all bilayers defects in the form of holes were present.
In some bilayers with a first leaflet consisting of PC, polygonal line-sha
ped defects were observed, whereas when the first leaflet consisted of PE,
mainly round defects were seen. Not only the shape, but also the amount of
defects varied, depending on the condition and the composition of the secon
d leaflet. In most of the PC-containing systems the defects were surrounded
by elevations, which reversibly disappeared in the presence of divalent ca
tions. This is the first time that such elevations have been observed on ph
ospholipid bilayers. We propose that they are induced by phospholipid excha
nge between the two leaflets around the defects, leading to the presence of
negatively charged phospholipids in the first leaflet. Because the substra
te is also negatively charged, the bilayer around the edges is repelled and
lifted up. Since it was found that the elevations are indeed detached from
the substrate, we refer to this effect as bilayer blistering.