Functional accounts of emotions

In this article we outline the history, elements, and variations of functio nal accounts of emotions. Summarising diverse theories and observations, we propose that functional accounts of emotions: (1) address why humans have emotions; (2) define emotions as solutions to problems and opportunities re lated to physical and social survival; (3) treat emotions as systems of int errelated components; and (4) focus on the beneficial consequences of emoti ons. This conceptual approach to emotion is complemented by several empiric al strategies, including the study of emotion dysfunction, the effects of e motions on others, and the relations between emotions and personal and soci al outcomes. We conclude by considering how functional accounts of emotion vary, including in terms of their level of analysis, specificity, manner of organisation, and range of focus, and the implications functional accounts have for the study of emotion.