A shift from CIM to CHIM

This article records empirical research that aims to demonstrate and explai n a shift from a Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) paradigm to a Comp uter and Human Integrated Manufacturing (CHIM) paradigm. The research is su pported by empirical evidence from Norwegian and Danish companies. The empi rical data are collected by means of both survey and case studies. The main conclusion is that companies tend to move towards the CIM paradigm first a nd experience lower performance, then shift from CIM to the CHIM paradigm. The reasons and implications of such a paradigm shift are discussed. A simp le questionnaire is included for the purpose of self-assessment.