THE SPECIATION, A CONTINUOUS PHENOMENON W ITH A VARIABLE VELOCITY - DOES THE SPECIES EXIST - THE PONCTUALIST DEADLOCK .2. CLADOGENESIS AND OTHER TYPES OF SPECIATION - DISCUSSION ABOUT THE PONCTUALISM

This text is the second part of an essay about the speciation and a de bate about the gradualist and ponctualist theses. Here the funder effe ct role and the CARSON'S system role which have been largely supported by the ponctualists are studied. Then, we show that CARSON'S system c an only provok little species variations. The authors debate on anothe r hand, about these rare cases which can result in a very speed specia tion or in saltations. They analyse the caracteristics of what they ca ll ponctualist deadlock. To conclude, they suggested that the speciati on is a continuous hypergradual phenomenon which has a variable veloci ty and that species, with exceptions, is an artificial division of phy logenetic trees by the naturalists and so aren't an Entity. They are, however, some typical species which aren't hybridized. At last, specie s is generally formed by anagenesis or cladogenesis accelerated by fun der effects. It can also be formed by various process only evoked eith er because they are already known (polyploidy) or because their study have to wait other research (endocytobiology).