Mf. Land et al., Fundamental differences in the optical structure of the eyes of nocturnal and diurnal mosquitoes, J COMP PH A, 185(1), 1999, pp. 91-103
Citations number
33
Categorie Soggetti
Physiology
Journal title
JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY A-SENSORY NEURAL AND BEHAVIORAL PHYSIOLOGY
We have studied the anatomy and optics of the eyes of a range of mosquito s
pecies from the wholly dark-active blood-feeding Anopheles gambiae to the d
iurnal plant-feeder Toxorhynchites brevipalpis. Consistent with studies by
Sato in the 1950s, we find that dark-active and crepuscular species have sh
ort fused rhabdoms with a conical construction. This maximises the amount o
f light the rhabdoms receive from the almost hemispherical wide-aperture le
nses. Toxorhynchites, on the other hand, has long narrow rhabdomeres that a
re separated from each other over their entire length, and so resemble the
open rhabdoms of advanced flies (Brachycera and Cyclorrhapha). These findin
gs are confirmed by studies of the pseudopupil, whose form indicates the la
yout of the rhabdomere tips in the focal plane of each ommatidial lens. In
anopheline species the pseudopupil is a single undivided ellipse, indicatin
g a fused rhabdom structure, whereas in Toxorhynchites there is a ring of s
ix outer elements surrounding a central one. This means that each rhabdomer
e views a separate direction in space, and our measurements indicate that,
as in higher Diptera, adjacent rhabdomeres share their fields of view with
one of the rhabdomeres in the immediately adjacent ommatidia. This in turn
means that in the diurnal type of mosquito eye there is a basis for neural
superposition, but the fused construction of anopheline rhabdoms precludes
this. The Aedes species studied were similar to Anopheles but with lenses o
f less extreme aperture, and Sabethes cyaneus, a diurnal blood-feeder, was
intermediate in structure, with fused conical rhabdoms in the centre of the
eye and unfused rhabdomeres around the periphery.