Flow and free running speed characterization of dental air turbine handpieces

Objectives: Dental air turbine handpieces have been widely used in clinical dentistry for over 30 years, yet little work has been reported on their pe rformance. A few studies have been concerned with measurement of speed (i.e . rotation rate), torque and power performance of these devices, but neithe r investigations of functional relationships between controlling variables nor theory dealing specifically with this class of turbine have been report ed. This has hindered the development of satisfactory methods of handpiece specification and of testing dental rotary cutting tools. It was the intent ion of the present work to remedy that deficiency. Methods: Measurements of pressure, temperature, gas flow rate and rotation rate were made with improved accuracy and precision for 14 ball bearing tur bine handpieces on several gases. Functional relationships between gas prop erties, supply pressure, flow rate, turbine design factors and free running speed were identified and equations describing these aspects of behaviour of this class of turbine developed. Results: The rotor radius, through peripheral Mach number, was found to be a major determinant of speed performance. In addition, gas flow was found t o be an important limiting factor through the effect of choke. Conclusions: Each dental handpiece can be treated as a simple orifice of a characteristic cross-sectional area. Free running speed can be explained in terms of gas properties and pressure, with allowance for a design-specific performance coefficient. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserve d.