X-ray studies of liquid metal surfaces

X-ray reflectivity and diffuse scattering measurements of the surface of li quid Hg, Ga and In are reviewed. For each metal surface induced layering is found. The surface structure of these metals is compared and differences a re discussed in relation to bulk structural features such as the degree of covalency. Studies of modified liquid metal surfaces are also presented. Th e surface oxidation of liquid Ga, In and Hg is compared. Experimental resul ts on surface segregation in Ga-In and Ga-Bi alloys and details of the surf ace wetting transition in Ga-Bi are also discussed. (C) 1999 Elsevier Scien ce B.V. All rights reserved.