Recent experiments on mesoscopic normal metal/superconductor heterostructur
es resolve properties on length scales and at low temperatures such that th
e temperature is below the Thouless energy k(B)T less than or equal to E-Th
. We describe the properties of these systems within the framework of quasi
classical many-body techniques. Diffusive and ballistic systems are covered
, both in equilibrium and nonequilibrium situations. Thereby we demonstrate
the common physical basis of various subtopics. (C) 1999 Academic Press.